Resilient Civil Infrastructure Design against Earthquake and Flood Risks Under Climate Change

Abstract

The civil infrastructure is becoming more and more prone to earthquake and flood hazards whereas climate change is adding another level of uncertainty for infrastructure designs, structural performance, and sustainability. This research work attempts to explore resilient civil infrastructure designs under earthquake and flood hazards and changing climatic conditions, which include topics related to structural vulnerability, multi-hazard assessment, climate adaptation, and sustainable engineering practices. Qualitative, descriptive, and literature review methodology has been used for this research work by examining nine academic articles that have been published from 2022 to 2025. The selected literature revolves around underground infrastructure, coastal resilience, road network, reinforced concrete bridge, flood adaptation, and disaster management. From the descriptive analysis, it has been found that four out of nine articles (44.44%) mainly concentrate on multi-hazard and resilience of the infrastructure. In addition, six of the articles (66.67%) were published between 2024 and 2025, indicating that there is a focus in the chosen literature on infrastructure resilience and risks associated with climate change. In terms of implications, the results indicate the need to incorporate seismic resistant building structures, adaptive constructions regarding floods, climate responsive asset management, and hazard assessment at the network level into infrastructure planning. In addition, the analysis suggests that resilience of infrastructure should be based on structural integrity, functionality, readiness of an organization, and capacity to restore the infrastructure after hazardous events occur. At the same time, the chosen literature lacks common quantitative measures that would help to evaluate any improvements of structural performance or savings achieved through the use of infrastructure. The conclusion is that the framework of multi-hazard planning may be used to create a concept of safe infrastructure.

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