A Systematic Review of Electric Vehicle Innovations and Implementation Barriers

Abstract

The global transition to electric vehicles (EVs) represents a critical pathway toward sustainable transportation and net-zero emissions. This comprehensive review synthesizes 150+ studies to analyse EV innovations, adoption barriers, and future trends across technological, economic, and policy dimensions. Key findings reveal that while battery energy density has improved by 200% since 2010 (reaching 270 Wh/kg) and costs have dropped 89%, significant challenges persist: inadequate charging infrastructure (requiring 40 million global chargers by 2030), supply chain vulnerabilities for critical minerals, and consumer range anxiety. The study highlights successful case studies like Norway (90% EV market share) and Shenzhen (16,000 electric buses), demonstrating that policy consistency and public investment drive adoption. Emerging technologies, including solid-state batteries (500+ Wh/kg) and vehicle-to-grid networks promise to address current limitations, but require coordinated standards and workforce development. Three critical gaps are identified: (1) recycling systems recovering <60% of battery materials, (2) grid capacity constraints at 30% EV penetration, and (3) equity issues in emerging markets (<3% adoption). The review proposes a tripartite framework for accelerated deployment: technology (solid-state batteries, AI-optimized charging), policy (harmonized standards, critical mineral strategies), and social (inclusive financing, skilled labour programs). With transport contributing 24% of global CO₂ emissions, these insights provide policymakers and industry leader’s actionable strategies to overcome adoption barriers while ensuring an equitable transition. The analysis concludes that systemic integration of EVs with renewable energy and smart infrastructure not just vehicle substitution will determine their climate impact.

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